Smoking remains a leading risk factor for premature mortality and morbidity in the world so monitoring the progress of tobacco control policies is critical to understand the public health burden related to nicotine. Our group has developed a WBE framework to assess changes in total nicotine, tobacco-derived nicotine consumption in the population. The approach has been used in Australia and New Zealand to monitor the expansion of illicit tobacco and vaping markets, which potentially undermine public health gains from previous tobacco control measures. In this seminar, I will present our recent data on the national monitoring of tobacco and vaping in Australia and New Zealand and its implication to policy makers in the countries.